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discover the true face of Columbus Women

Christopher Columbus had an aquiline nose, prominent chin and lips, an image that has little to do with the typical portraits seventeenth century, according to research director of the Center for American Studies, Casa Colón de Valladolid, Jesus Varela.

The scholar gave a lecture entitled "The New Faces of Christopher Columbus, to which was closed in Valladolid (Spain)," Congress on Discovery and Mapping ", with the participation of scientists from Spain, Italy and Portugal.

Varela, Professor of American History at the University of Valladolid, said that "the physiognomy of Columbus that we have been sold, with typical portrait of the eighteenth century, have nothing to do with their real physical appearance, that was reflected in the "Book of Privileges" the discoverer.

The document published in Seville, said Efe Varela, "Columbus include all titles and rights he had acquired as Viceroy, Admiral and Governor of the Indies in 1498, in an attempt to get the firstborn, which the family discovery continues today. " From this copy

Columbus sent to four copies in 1502, before his fourth voyage to America, and from one of them, in Genoa, an Italian researcher "up the partridge" of what later developed more Varela means exhaustive and portraits, with almost total probability belonged to the figure of Columbus and his son, Diego.

These portraits accompanied a drop cap of the "Book of Privileges" of Columbus, for a person of 52 years, Varela concludes that Christopher Columbus, and a 22, which it looks like it is Diego Columbus.

Of the more than 300 portraits that are the navigator, all are made at a later time to it, while those that are included in the "Book of Privileges" were made during the life of Christopher Columbus, which is a "discovery decisive. "

So said the director of the Center for the Study of Sea-CEMAR Luis de Albuquerque (Portugal), Alfredo Pinheiro, who participated as a speaker at the Congress to develop the various existing theories about the birth of Columbus, and director of the Archives of Palaeography and Diplomatic, University of Genoa, Aldo August.

What Does Nature Stone Cost

joined America and Europe before Columbus Find an unknown tribe

A scientific study indicates that a Native American woman was taken to Iceland by the Vikings five centuries before Columbus set foot on American soil

Five centuries before Christopher Columbus first set foot on American soil, an Amerindian woman brought to Iceland by Vikings came in contact with Europeans and Americans, according to a study that concludes that the pre-Columbian presence in the Old World also has a genetic basis.

The scientific study published in the American Journal of Physical Anthropology, English researchers have participated in the Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas (CSIC), University of Iceland and the biopharmaceutical deCODE Genetics, Reykjavik.

Researchers have come to such a novel and important conclusion after analyzing the genetics of four Icelandic families, of which today comprise about eighty people.

in their genes, according to research, found a lineage of Amerindian origin, after rebuilding their genealogies to four ancestors near 1700.

More specifically, the lineage found, named C1e, is mitochondrial, which means it was introduced to the island by a woman.

So far, reports the CSIC in a note, it was known that genes of the inhabitants of Iceland came from Scandinavia, Scotland and Ireland, but there was no news of their origin could be further from the other side the ocean and long before Columbus reached the New World in 1492.

The idea that the Vikings, road warriors, arrived on the continent Americas centuries before Columbus, although it is true to colder lands, is not a novelty. Archaeological remains and ancient stories that testify.

is the case of Viking settlement discovered at L'Anse aux Meadows, Newfoundland, Canada, or Icelandic medieval texts as the "Saga of the Greenlanders" and Erik the Red, both of the thirteenth century and which notes that as fearsome warriors began to reach American shores from the tenth century

"As the island was virtually isolated from the tenth century, tells the researcher Carles Lalueza-Fox-the most likely hypothesis is that these genes corresponded to an Amerindian woman who was taken from America by the Vikings around 1000. Curiously, he insists, this fact would have remained hidden because this woman was an anonymous character.

was four years ago when Iceland was discovered that four members of the families surveyed had a mitochondrial lineage C, absent from Europe but typical Native Americans and people of eastern Asia.

"It was thought at first he continues Lalueza-Fox, a researcher at the Institute of Evolutionary Biology, a joint CSIC and the Universitat Pompeu Fabra in Barcelona, \u200b\u200bwhich Asian families were from recently established in Iceland. "

When we studied the family trees "found that the four families came from four ancestors located between 1710 and 1740 and the same region of Iceland, near the massive glacier Vatnajökull," he adds.

To determine the fraction of the genes of the Americas would have gone to Europe, researchers, highlights the CSIC, used a family-based data-collecting deCODE pedigrees of all Icelanders and 80% of all which have existed.

Information that is useful for studying complex genetic diseases, says the CSIC.

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Scholarship "Indigenous Peoples" (IACHR)

ATTENTION:

will receive requests for sponsorship and / or support from stakeholders until 10 December, as an organization we have always sponsored preference to are part and operated for and in conjunction with our organization, in any other sponsorship application will be evaluated equally with respect commitments to mutual support.
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SCHOLARSHIP INDIGENOUS PEOPLES "
COMMISSION ON HUMAN RIGHTS

American Commission on Human Rights (IACHR) offers a scholarship "Villages Indigenous human rights and the right of indigenous peoples.

1) Place of Fellowship: Executive Secretariat of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights - Report on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples. Address: 1889 F Street, NW, Washington, DC, USA.

2) offer Face

3) Deadline for application: December 14, 2010

4) Start and End: January 18 - May 17, 2011

5) Duration: Four months

6) Number of Scholarships: 1 (one)

7) Objectives : provide an opportunity for indigenous young lawyers from Member States of the OAS, to understand and apply the protection mechanisms of the Inter-American Human Rights System in the area of \u200b\u200bindigenous peoples' rights. The Rapporteur on the Rights of Indigenous Peoples of the IACHR was created in 1990 and aims to strengthen, promote and organize the action of the Commission in the area of \u200b\u200bindigenous peoples' rights in America.

8) Program: a) Support the work of the Rapporteur on Rights Indigenous Peoples of the Inter-American Commission, under the supervision of specialists during the period of the scholarship.

9) Requirements:

● be a citizen or permanent resident of an OAS member state;

● Being a member of an indigenous people of the Americas;

● Have graduated in law from an officially recognized university (attach copy of degree and grades obtained);

● Have received a degree in law after January 2002 ;

● demonstrable professional interest in the area of \u200b\u200bhuman rights, preferably in the field of indigenous peoples' rights;

● Fluent Castilian (knowledge of other official languages \u200b\u200bof the OAS is desirable);

● Present a paper of up to five pages are not edited by another person, on a topic of interest to the candidate in the field of indigenous peoples' rights;

10) Benefits:

● The OAS will provide:

1. allowance of $ 2,800.00 per month in total during the period covered by the fellowship, or U.S. $ 11,200.00 for 4 months. With the stipend, the fellow is responsible for purchasing health coverage of their choice for the duration of the scholarship, having to prove formally the acquisition referred to the Executive Secretariat of the IACHR.

2. round-trip flights by air, economy class, from the place of residence of the fellow in Washington, DC, USA [1] .

● The Commission will grant a certificate of participation in the Scholarship Program if they meet successfully the full duration of the Fellowship .

11) candidates responsibility to begin the Fellowship:

● The Once an applicant selected will be notified, to l American Commission on Human Rights their availability for the scholarship during the period, so that the OAS can make arrangements for purchase of air ticket round-economic class, between home and the IACHR headquarters in Washington DC .

● If the candidate accepts the scholarship, but for whatever reason can not subsequently do it, you must immediately notify the Commission of Human Rights for they can decide what actions to take and make the necessary arrangements.

● is the responsibility of each candidate will manage and obtain on a timely basis (s) visa (s) for (s) to enter the country of study and / or transit (if applicable). The OAS will not be any costs associated with immigration documents or visas. L IACHR of the OAS to extend a communication to the candidate certifying his selection as an official Fellow of the IACHR-OAS to seek a visa, which will be your sole responsibility.

● is responsible for arriving at the place of fellowship with sufficient time to be present at the opening of the scholarship on the date established by the institution offering the course .

● When a candidate declines the award after the ticket has been purchased or not travel on the dates set or change the route, the candidate will be responsible for the cost of airfare or any additional costs that are incurred.

● When a candidate does not travel on dates, or change routes, after the General Secretariat of the Organization of American States (GS / OAS) has purchased ticket, the candidate will be responsible for paying the difference in cost of travel ticket to arrive in time at the beginning of the scholarship.

● The successful candidate will reimburse the full cost of travel ticket round trip from your country of residence to the host of the award, if after ticket has been purchased, she declines the scholarship without proper authorization.

● If the scholarship recipient renounces, cancels or terminates the scholarship after the program has begun, without showing sufficient cause to the GS / OAS, he / she will reimburse the GS / OAS all the expenses incurred on his person.

12) Presentation of scholarship applications:

Warning: If you have been helped by a grant from the Professional Development Program in the last twelve (12) months, or if you currently have a scholarship for Academic Studies, not eligible to apply for another scholarship.

American Commission only consider applications submitted before the closing date, which contain attachments, and comply with the requirements contained in this announcement

Documents:

1. An updated resume, a single copy of law degree and diplomas and other academic degrees, certificates, and others that are deemed relevant and demonstrate that the requirements established in this announcement relating to education and experience have been met.

2. Unedited written work of up to five pages refers to the rights of indigenous peoples.

3. At least one letter of recommendation.

Documents can be sent by fax, mail or email.

Only a dozen persons, men, women and children, forming a different ethnic group to the neighboring country, characterized by its "finest factions" and their low height, which does not reach the underground and a half, says the employer to the island La Provincia newspaper, anticipating today hallazgoUn achievement, the report said, "was to stay for more than fifteen days in solitary confinement in a base camp set up in a village of natives" a Cross-Staff, who shared the experience with the team doctor Galhé Bassan, McGill University of Toronto, chief scientist of the research.

With him, the novelty of the discovery confirmed the anthropologist Nancy Sullivan, who has lived for twenty years in Papua New Guinea and inducer of the finding, suggesting the research team, seeking a prehistoric paintings, which explore a area where the natives "had probably never seen white men," highlights the employer Islands.

"A journey through steep slopes, and which were not a few penalties," eventually led to the expedition to meet the new tribe, he says. Mayor Antonio Cruz-stresses, among other distinguishing characteristics of human group discovered that, "among countless dialects of the region, this group is different from others, but affordable for Dr. Sullivan."

survival threats

An expert with several books published about the aborigines of that country in Oceania which has undertaken to "thoroughly investigate" members of that community, "as well as his anthropological profile language can be more pure than the environment. "

Canarian businessman was quoted as saying, warning of the threats to the newly discovered indigenous group and others in their region due to the increasing exploitation of the riches it contains, both timber and mineral , threatening its ecosystem.

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A missing link? Multiculturalism

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The two models of Argentine capitalism

Argentine capitalist development (and by extension Latin) has some peculiarities compared with that of other developing countries. Argentina for centuries in two models of capitalism have alternated, one which we might call "national defense" and one that could be defined as "underdeveloped uninhibited."

Argentine Capitalism "national" is referring to the sector of the bourgeoisie more related to actual production activities, typical of an autonomous capitalist development. At the time of Rosas farmers have the economic muscle to impose a country different from that proposed by the more parasitic bourgeois oligarchy clustered around the port. While licks were engaged in a primitive production activity, the "good people" of Buenos Aires were a mere parasite that did not produce anything of value, merely sucking income from customs.

This phenomenon is not unique to Latin America but any former colony. If the U.S. succeeds in becoming an industrial powerhouse, it was thanks to the victory of the advanced sector of the bourgeoisie over the rent seeking sector after the Civil War, during an international economic times allowed the autonomous development of American capitalism.

Cambalache

In the twentieth century this sector of the bourgeoisie advanced Argentina can also be identified with the industrial sector. An industrial sector which of course can not be compared with developed countries, but we must not forget the special character of underdevelopment Argentina. In other countries (for example, many Africans) industrial activity is negligible, limited to primary treatment of raw materials before export immediate. Argentina, and parts of Latin America have, however, a more diversified industrial development and dynamic, usually linked to big cities, living in rural areas where the "African model" is in full force.

The "African model" is exactly the underdeveloped without complications, and is powered by the most backward of our bourgeoisie, mainly related to financial income and agriculture. By their nature these sectors are nulamente intensive use of labor and value-added application, merely to vegetate and collect rents. All political activity is aimed to safeguard their source of revenue, in the case of "field" based solely on the possession of natural resources. These material conditions of life are reflected in his particular psychology (brutality, intensive exploitation of unskilled labor, feudal mentality, etc.). Logically, the model country which is a happy dream factory where a small number of families monopolize natural resources, is in charge of exports and counting the bills. 70% of Argentina's population surplus. This is the "African model, successfully applied in countries where human life is worth less than a meal.

The model favored by most advanced sector of the bourgeoisie in Argentina is not really a model ... or is promoted. It is simply the expression of interest, always fluctuating, the bourgeoisie tied to the industrial sector. This sector has seen its political and economic power at certain times in the history of Argentina, provided by external factors, rather than a plan to towards a more or less independent of Argentine capitalism. By contrast, "autonomy" of a sector of the bourgeoisie Argentina against the bourgeoisie of the metropolis has always been a surprise to herself.

We stayed at the '45

In 1945, when the world's metropolises were exhausted by the war effort, there was an impasse in the relationship of Argentina (and in general all Latin American countries particularly Mexico) with the bourgeoisie of the central countries. The need for import substitution became the bourgeoisie against a development path that took in the same manner that takes advantage any favorable business niche.

This widespread phenomenon in Latin America was an imperialist democratic nationalism in whose best interests of this sector of the bourgeoisie partially overlap with those of broad sectors of peasants and workers. It is in this context that Peronism came in the shape of what the bourgeoisie desperately needed: a shrewd politician and fearless. Peronism is a Bonapartist regime, ie a regime that gives the bourgeoisie itself when you do not know what to do, when within itself the contradiction of interests is very strong.

Peronism Argentina disciplined bourgeois imponiéndole una dirección política relativamente autónoma a su desarrollo. Para mejor medir el significado del concepto "relativamente autónomo" siempre conviene echar mano de la comparación con el "modelo africano", en el que la burguesía es simplemente un club de propietarios de recursos naturales, en todo desligado de la población debido a la inexistencia de mercado interno, y por eso absolutamente dependiente de la exportación al extranjero.

Esta época favorable le permitió al peronismo como movimiento político ganar un capital importante de credibilidad entre la clase trabajadora. Capital que fue simétrica y prolijamente desperdiciado por la izquierda marxista. El Partido Comunista, una sort of club of friends of the Soviet Union prepared to play the role of political agency to the Stalinist bureaucracy, called these workers, for the first time in his life had something tangible and were preparing to star in Argentina politics of "Murga" . Brilliant stroke of genius.

The '50 and swingin 'sixties

Of course, the autonomous development of the bourgeoisie Argentina was never planned but was a mere effect. The test is stopped as soon as he did his cause. By the mid-50s the Central Powers recovered the level of industrial activity with the U.S. as a new power, and consequently the most backward and dependent sector of the bourgeoisie Argentina returned to impose its model of the country in which the happy factory exported commodities the patricians sent to silence and servitude.

When speaking of the most backward sector or the most advanced of the bourgeoisie, can not believe that there are two fixed entities. While each has its ideologues and prominent figures, the structure is actually up and interchangeable plastic; capital generated in the industry can migrate to the cattle, or travel from financial activities to the service economy. It should be noted that the bourgeoisie is a class, and as such interest is common. But the vast variety of possible bourgeois regimes (neoliberalism, populism, fascism) expresses no more than the deep contradictions that permeate the bourgeoisie itself.

Plastic and interchangeable, but structure to end the dominance of the "advanced sector" of the bourgeoisie Argentina had its swan song with the development Frondizism, last humbug of traditional bourgeois politics in total bankruptcy. Since the '60s the military party successfully won the African model excluding politically Peronism. Until the turn of this in '73, whose political capital intact is available a. ..

A. ..

In the early 70's in Argentina's industrial sector of the bourgeoisie in a while that from the political point of view is comfortably in retirement, forgetting all popular nationalistic whim. Hardly notice the suffering of a petty bourgeoisie is trying to do strenuous walk in the local market. However, we must bear in mind that the country still has not received the strongest blow. Through the process of industrialization started mildly in '45, Argentina win the working class and economic weight of numbers. The workers of Cordobazo are the highest paid in the country, participating in more than 40% of GDP. Industrial activity has created a working class that has relatively strong to pull the country from the hands of the bourgeoisie, or at least recover what they consider their right: to live in dignity.

The Marxist left Argentina has historically had difficulty taking note of this fact more or less obvious, difficulties reaching even his most lucid revolutionary sector. This error results of the Peronist phenomenon incomprehension, misunderstanding that the left paid and will pay dearly.

Around Perón the international economic context and not allow any hint of self-development for Argentina ( plan Gelbard was the last slap of drowning). Perón , finally bourgeois politician, used his political capital on behalf of those who never stopped serving, setting a police-terrorist regime in which only privileged ones are dead.

Argentine revolutionary process was to establish a dialogue channel between Peronism and the revolutionary Marxist left. The defeat that brought the strike of '76 was also a breakdown of these linkages and the potential loss of all revolutionary Peronist militancy for a long time. King



Africa Since 1976 the African model made enormous progress. It should remember the effect it had on the industry and illustrious neoliberal assertion: "The best industrial policy is to not have industrial policy, more crudely reformulated by Martinez de Hoz :" It does not make steel that candy. "

terrified with the working class, bound hand and foot, and the working population forced to accept a policy of setting after another, workers lost the political initiative, which did not recover even with the return of democracy in 1983. The word "adjustment" would become a litany.

menemcavallista period meant a deepening of the African model to intolerable levels, which led to the 2001 crisis. As a logical Argentina therefore grew up a mass of unemployed than ever before, and it is instructive to read what Trotksy says about the growth of the mass of unemployed, a dangerous cancer for the working class.

Son of this crisis is the new Peronist Kirchner led by .

Back to square one Today

populist phenomenon repeats itself throughout Latin America, with a revival of the advanced sector of the bourgeoisie. Industrial activity, which had reached a very low-charge a new dynamism, thereby increasing the mass of employees. Again the Marxist left has difficulty understanding a very obvious: the revitalization of the industrial project, with all its limitations and contradictions, is objectively good news for the working class. The impressive demonstrations against the death of Nestor Kirchner confirm the data, while the left still absorbed in examining her navel.

is not to deny the bourgeois character of this project, or stick with it. It is defended as a springboard to the working class can be used to gain political and economic weight in view of their organization and political autonomy, impossible under the African model.

The reasons for this resurgence populist are several, but perhaps most important is the weakness of the American Empire. Plunged himself into an unprecedented economic crisis, drained by two fronts where it is bogged down (Iraq and Afghanistan), the U.S. needs stability in the "backyard" can not open another front direct conflict with a dozen countries so is limited to low-intensity operations: lightning coup, riot police, wild political opposition, etc. It features the eternally pathetic middle class, privileged sector workers generally clustered in urban centers congenitally unable to identify their real interests and political ram big business in the ridiculous belief that you have something in common with this sector. We know what awaits the "middle class" once again imposed the African model. But TV and mass media dumbing do a good job even though this sector is now enjoying a well he thought lost forever.

And as always ... left

In this context the Marxist left to make a paper returns null. Unable to explain the profound conflict wracking the country, merely to play the trumpet solo, demanding that the working class faces who have objectively done more for her. The assassination of the militant Mariano Ferreyra, consciously or not, cut any hint of militancy communication between Kirchner and the left, setting the bourgeoisie feared like the plague. The astute leadership of the PO does not suspect the intent of the extensive media coverage given to this fact means that have never been concerned about the death of leftist activists, naively believing that it is his own political growth. As in '45, the left acts on behalf of the most dangerous enemy of the working class.

And like the '45 sound is present wit. Boasting a superb partner to your narrow-mindedness, the left is pleased Peronist worker's stupidly fun with jokes and "Captain Craig." Insists again and again in the bourgeois character of this government as if it were sufficient to meet all bourgeois regimes in history, ignoring any difference between tactical and strategic behavior that the class must be taken in each case.

History repeats: Peronism regained political capital among workers, and left to lose. The massive demonstrations of support after the death of Nestor Kirchner have not left the central fact about where is the working class in political geography, and what is the way to walk in it. Objectively the Marxist left is benefiting from increased of workers employed in industry, but thinks it is a wisdom of its policy when in fact a policy effect displayed by this government.

The only thing I see left-Marxist phenomenon perceived by the membership Kirchner, is that this model has an expiration date. Because as always, it is a favorable situation in which "national" bourgeoisie tries to catch a raging river.

No one can deny the clarity, firmness and great political ability Cristina Fernández to frame this trend in the closest thing to a project. Just listen to her speech to realize the differences that separate the bunch of ignoramuses who has governed Argentina in the previous years. The howls of hatred of a few gorillas, fat insane, opportunistic mollusk, privilegiaditos underdeveloped and mere criminals with loud sounds contrast with the sobriety and intelligence of this woman.

But as always in politics is not about individuals but of classes. The advanced sector of the bourgeoisie is doing excellent business, but is aware of the danger posed by the organization and growth of the working class. Socially speaking can not do anything, because it is part of a process that can not help but politically it does all it can to hamper the growth of their political autonomy.

Peronism is itself that should take care of it, and that is why the Marxist left, could profitably bring this to the membership Kirchner, the most dangerous enemy of this government is right in the ranks of the Peronist movement itself, which Cristina Fernandez not without difficulty maintaining discipline. In this sense the death of Nestor Kirchner is bad news, and if you want to keep CFK tied to the mayors of the metropolitan area, a good idea to put someone so careful of the ways Guillermo Moreno.

The problem that arises is left not what will replace this model . Possibly the OP think that the media have become revolutionaries and arranged catapult Altamira to power, but the bourgeoisie is much further away. With the fall of the industrial model and return to the African model, the left will again cornered, with no class to go to.

The strength of this government depends on the viability of the industrial model. But this model has profound contradictions that the killing of Mariano Ferreyra laid bare. The same thugs of the union bureaucracy is now a militant fired on the OP, Morning shot a Peronist worker. And neither left nor militancy Kirchner will have answers.

The African model of Argentine capitalism encourages the disappearance of the working class and its replacement by a body of chronically unemployed who get killed for food parcels. The duty of the Marxist left is to avoid by all means to consolidate this model . The class struggle requires first and foremost its existence, rather obvious fact that is somewhat annoying to have to record. The class struggle without contradiction combines preserving the gains made, the demand for more concessions, and the struggle for power. Disparaging the first two, and identify the latter with the vote for the PO is a weight error.

If the left does not fight for survival the working class, then confidence will never get it in the struggle for power.

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worth more the image of a minister to the lives of people exposed to waste. LECTURE V

tailings generation and exposure to the surrounding communities are not a mystery but the impact and effect time can be predicted with a thorough study of the number of abandoned tailings, But for our Parliament that has no greater importance which can damage the image of a minister who rose in popularity based on an effective bailout but if we evaluate the Royalty and other things that happen in your portfolio, obviously did not get that level of approval, unfortunately we are too shallow to evaluate Ministers, Deputies, etc.. We are not challenging enough to with what he has to do with our rights and care to our families.

Chamber rejects request for investigative commission tailings

Posted November 2, 2010

The petition of opposition deputies did not meet the 48 votes required the Constitution for the enactment of this audit request.

With 26 votes in favor, 6 against and 9 abstentions, the Board of the Chamber of Deputies rejected the request made by 48 deputies to create a commission of inquiry charged with "analyzing the situation found in tailings dumps miners that exist in our country. "

The request was raised by opposition MPs after the broadcast of a television report about the danger of collapse posed by mining wastes in the country, who are abandoned after the exploitation of deposits, with the consequent risk to nearby communities and the flora and fauna. According to the National Service of Geology and Mining (Sernageomin) a thousand tailings exist throughout the country, half of them abandoned and threaten about 200 locations. Parliamentarians

government questioned the creation of a commission of inquiry on this issue noting that she sought to challenge the Minister of Mines, Laurence Golborne, after the popularity achieved following the successful rescue of the miners in the San José mine.

Article 52 of the Constitution provides that the creation of special committees investigating requires the support of at least two fifths of the deputies in the exercise, ie 48 MPs.